from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
inositol \i*no"si*tol\ ([i^]*n[o^]s"[i^]*t[o^]l), n. [Gr. 'i`s,
'ino`s, strength, muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.)
A white crystalline substance ({C6H12O6}) with a sweet taste,
widely distributed in certain animal tissues and fluids,
particularly in the muscles of the heart and lungs, and also
in some plants, as in unripe pease, beans, potato sprouts,
etc. Although isomeric with dextrose, it has no carbonyl
(aldehyde or ketone) group, and is therefore not a
carbohydrate, but a derivative of cyclohexane. Called also
{inosite}, {cyclohexitol}, {cyclohexanehexol},
{hexahydroxycyclohexane} and {phaseomannite}. There are nine
possible steroisomers, not all of which are found naturally.
The predominate natural form is
cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, also called
{myo-inositol}. The naturally occurring phytic acid in plants
is the hexaphosphate of inositol, from which inositol may be
manufactured; phytin is the calcium-magnesium salt of phytic
acid. It is also a component of phosphatidylinositol. --MI11
[1913 Webster +PJC]
from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Levulose \Lev"u*lose`\ (l[e^]v"[-u]*l[=o]s`), n. [See {Levo-}.]
(Chem.)
A sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained crystallized,
occurring widely in honey, ripe fruits, etc., and hence
called also {fruit sugar}; also called {fructose}. Chemical
formula: {C6H12O6}. It is called levulose, because it rotates
the plane of polarization of light to the left, in contrast
to {dextrose}, the other product of the hydrolysis of
sucrose. [Written also {laevulose}.]
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Note: It is obtained, together with an equal quantity of
dextrose, by the inversion of ordinary cane or beet
sugar, and hence, as being an ingredient of invert
sugar, is often so called. It is fermentable, nearly as
sweet as cane sugar, and is metameric with dextrose.
Cf. {Dextrose}.
[1913 Webster]
from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Sugar \Sug"ar\, n. [OE. sugre, F. sucre (cf. It. zucchero, Sp.
az['u]car), fr. Ar. sukkar, assukkar, fr. Skr. [,c]arkar[=a]
sugar, gravel; cf. Per. shakar. Cf. {Saccharine}, {Sucrose}.]
1. A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance,
of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by
crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as
the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It
is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food
and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the
Note below.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The term sugar includes several commercial grades, as
the white or refined, granulated, loaf or lump, and the
raw brown or muscovado. In a more general sense, it
includes several distinct chemical compounds, as the
glucoses, or grape sugars (including glucose proper,
dextrose, and levulose), and the sucroses, or true
sugars (as cane sugar). All sugars are carbohydrates.
See {Carbohydrate}. The glucoses, or grape sugars, are
ketone alcohols of the formula {C6H12O6}, and they turn
the plane of polarization to the right or the left.
They are produced from the amyloses and sucroses, as by
the action of heat and acids of ferments, and are
themselves decomposed by fermentation into alcohol and
carbon dioxide. The only sugar (called acrose) as yet
produced artificially belongs to this class. The
sucroses, or cane sugars, are doubled glucose
anhydrides of the formula {C12H22O11}. They are usually
not fermentable as such (cf. {Sucrose}), and they act
on polarized light.
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2. By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or
appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous
white crystalline substance having a sweet taste.
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3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render
acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words.
[Colloq.]
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{Acorn sugar}. See {Quercite}.
{Cane sugar}, sugar made from the sugar cane; sucrose, or an
isomeric sugar. See {Sucrose}.
{Diabetes sugar}, or {Diabetic sugar} (Med. Chem.), a variety
of sugar (grape sugar or dextrose) excreted in the urine
in diabetes mellitus; -- the presence of such a sugar in
the urine is used to diagnose the illness.
{Fruit sugar}. See under {Fruit}, and {Fructose}.
{Grape sugar}, a sirupy or white crystalline sugar (dextrose
or glucose) found as a characteristic ingredient of ripe
grapes, and also produced from many other sources. See
{Dextrose}, and {Glucose}.
{Invert sugar}. See under {Invert}.
{Malt sugar}, a variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, found
in malt. See {Maltose}.
{Manna sugar}, a substance found in manna, resembling, but
distinct from, the sugars. See {Mannite}.
{Milk sugar}, a variety of sugar characteristic of fresh
milk, and isomeric with sucrose. See {Lactose}.
{Muscle sugar}, a sweet white crystalline substance isomeric
with, and formerly regarded to, the glucoses. It is found
in the tissue of muscle, the heart, liver, etc. Called
also {heart sugar}. See {Inosite}.
{Pine sugar}. See {Pinite}.
{Starch sugar} (Com. Chem.), a variety of dextrose made by
the action of heat and acids on starch from corn,
potatoes, etc.; -- called also {potato sugar}, {corn
sugar}, and, inaccurately, {invert sugar}. See {Dextrose},
and {Glucose}.
{Sugar barek}, one who refines sugar.
{Sugar beet} (Bot.), a variety of beet ({Beta vulgaris}) with
very large white roots, extensively grown, esp. in Europe,
for the sugar obtained from them.
{Sugar berry} (Bot.), the hackberry.
{Sugar bird} (Zool.), any one of several species of small
South American singing birds of the genera {Coereba},
{Dacnis}, and allied genera belonging to the family
{Coerebidae}. They are allied to the honey eaters.
{Sugar bush}. See {Sugar orchard}.
{Sugar camp}, a place in or near a sugar orchard, where maple
sugar is made.
{Sugar candian}, sugar candy. [Obs.]
{Sugar candy}, sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized;
candy made from sugar.
{Sugar cane} (Bot.), a tall perennial grass ({Saccharum
officinarium}), with thick short-jointed stems. It has
been cultivated for ages as the principal source of sugar.
{Sugar loaf}.
(a) A loaf or mass of refined sugar, usually in the form
of a truncated cone.
(b) A hat shaped like a sugar loaf.
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Why, do not or know you, grannam, and that sugar
loaf? --J. Webster.
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{Sugar maple} (Bot.), the rock maple ({Acer saccharinum}).
See {Maple}.
{Sugar mill}, a machine for pressing out the juice of the
sugar cane, usually consisting of three or more rollers,
between which the cane is passed.
{Sugar mite}. (Zool.)
(a) A small mite ({Tyroglyphus sacchari}), often found in
great numbers in unrefined sugar.
(b) The lepisma.
{Sugar of lead}. See {Sugar}, 2, above.
{Sugar of milk}. See under {Milk}.
{Sugar orchard}, a collection of maple trees selected and
preserved for purpose of obtaining sugar from them; --
called also, sometimes, {sugar bush}. [U.S.] --Bartlett.
{Sugar pine} (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree ({Pinus
Lambertiana}) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft
and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the
stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a
substitute for sugar.
{Sugar squirrel} (Zool.), an Australian flying phalanger
({Belideus sciureus}), having a long bushy tail and a
large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See
Illust. under {Phlanger}.
{Sugar tongs}, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for
taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl.
{Sugar tree}. (Bot.) See {Sugar maple}, above.
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