from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Glucose \Glu"cose`\, n. [Gr. ? sweet. Cf. {Glycerin}.]
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1. A variety of sugar occurring in nature very abundantly, as
in ripe grapes, and in honey, and produced in great
quantities from starch, etc., by the action of heat and
acids. It is only about half as sweet as cane sugar.
Called also {dextrose}, {grape sugar}, {diabetic sugar},
and {starch sugar}. See {Dextrose}.
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2. (Chem.) Any one of a large class of sugars, isometric with
glucose proper, and including levulose, galactose, etc.
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3. The trade name of a sirup, obtained as an uncrystallizable
reside in the manufacture of glucose proper, and
containing, in addition to some dextrose or glucose, also
maltose, dextrin, etc. It is used as a cheap adulterant of
sirups, beers, etc.
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from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Grape \Grape\, n. [OF. grape, crape, bunch or cluster of grapes,
F. grappe, akin to F. grappin grapnel, hook; fr. OHG. chrapfo
hook, G. krapfen, akin to E. cramp. The sense seems to have
come from the idea of clutching. Cf. {Agraffe}, {Cramp},
{Grapnel}, {Grapple}.]
1. (Bot.) A well-known edible berry growing in pendent
clusters or bunches on the grapevine. The berries are
smooth-skinned, have a juicy pulp, and are cultivated in
great quantities for table use and for making wine and
raisins.
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2. (Bot.) The plant which bears this fruit; the grapevine.
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3. (Man.) A mangy tumor on the leg of a horse.
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4. (Mil.) Grapeshot.
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{Grape borer}. (Zool.) See {Vine borer}.
{Grape curculio} (Zool.), a minute black weevil ({Craponius
in[ae]qualis}) which in the larval state eats the interior
of grapes.
{Grape flower}, or
{Grape hyacinth} (Bot.), a liliaceous plant ({Muscari
racemosum}) with small blue globular flowers in a dense
raceme.
{Grape fungus} (Bot.), a fungus ({Oidium Tuckeri}) on
grapevines; vine mildew.
{Grape hopper} (Zool.), a small yellow and red hemipterous
insect, often very injurious to the leaves of the
grapevine.
{Grape moth} (Zool.), a small moth ({Eudemis botrana}), which
in the larval state eats the interior of grapes, and often
binds them together with silk.
{Grape of a cannon}, the cascabel or knob at the breech.
{Grape sugar}. See {Glucose}.
{Grape worm} (Zool.), the larva of the grape moth.
{Sour grapes}, things which persons affect to despise because
they can not possess them; -- in allusion to [AE]sop's
fable of the fox and the grapes.
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from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Sugar \Sug"ar\, n. [OE. sugre, F. sucre (cf. It. zucchero, Sp.
az['u]car), fr. Ar. sukkar, assukkar, fr. Skr. [,c]arkar[=a]
sugar, gravel; cf. Per. shakar. Cf. {Saccharine}, {Sucrose}.]
1. A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance,
of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by
crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as
the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It
is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food
and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the
Note below.
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Note: The term sugar includes several commercial grades, as
the white or refined, granulated, loaf or lump, and the
raw brown or muscovado. In a more general sense, it
includes several distinct chemical compounds, as the
glucoses, or grape sugars (including glucose proper,
dextrose, and levulose), and the sucroses, or true
sugars (as cane sugar). All sugars are carbohydrates.
See {Carbohydrate}. The glucoses, or grape sugars, are
ketone alcohols of the formula {C6H12O6}, and they turn
the plane of polarization to the right or the left.
They are produced from the amyloses and sucroses, as by
the action of heat and acids of ferments, and are
themselves decomposed by fermentation into alcohol and
carbon dioxide. The only sugar (called acrose) as yet
produced artificially belongs to this class. The
sucroses, or cane sugars, are doubled glucose
anhydrides of the formula {C12H22O11}. They are usually
not fermentable as such (cf. {Sucrose}), and they act
on polarized light.
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2. By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or
appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous
white crystalline substance having a sweet taste.
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3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render
acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words.
[Colloq.]
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{Acorn sugar}. See {Quercite}.
{Cane sugar}, sugar made from the sugar cane; sucrose, or an
isomeric sugar. See {Sucrose}.
{Diabetes sugar}, or {Diabetic sugar} (Med. Chem.), a variety
of sugar (grape sugar or dextrose) excreted in the urine
in diabetes mellitus; -- the presence of such a sugar in
the urine is used to diagnose the illness.
{Fruit sugar}. See under {Fruit}, and {Fructose}.
{Grape sugar}, a sirupy or white crystalline sugar (dextrose
or glucose) found as a characteristic ingredient of ripe
grapes, and also produced from many other sources. See
{Dextrose}, and {Glucose}.
{Invert sugar}. See under {Invert}.
{Malt sugar}, a variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, found
in malt. See {Maltose}.
{Manna sugar}, a substance found in manna, resembling, but
distinct from, the sugars. See {Mannite}.
{Milk sugar}, a variety of sugar characteristic of fresh
milk, and isomeric with sucrose. See {Lactose}.
{Muscle sugar}, a sweet white crystalline substance isomeric
with, and formerly regarded to, the glucoses. It is found
in the tissue of muscle, the heart, liver, etc. Called
also {heart sugar}. See {Inosite}.
{Pine sugar}. See {Pinite}.
{Starch sugar} (Com. Chem.), a variety of dextrose made by
the action of heat and acids on starch from corn,
potatoes, etc.; -- called also {potato sugar}, {corn
sugar}, and, inaccurately, {invert sugar}. See {Dextrose},
and {Glucose}.
{Sugar barek}, one who refines sugar.
{Sugar beet} (Bot.), a variety of beet ({Beta vulgaris}) with
very large white roots, extensively grown, esp. in Europe,
for the sugar obtained from them.
{Sugar berry} (Bot.), the hackberry.
{Sugar bird} (Zool.), any one of several species of small
South American singing birds of the genera {Coereba},
{Dacnis}, and allied genera belonging to the family
{Coerebidae}. They are allied to the honey eaters.
{Sugar bush}. See {Sugar orchard}.
{Sugar camp}, a place in or near a sugar orchard, where maple
sugar is made.
{Sugar candian}, sugar candy. [Obs.]
{Sugar candy}, sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized;
candy made from sugar.
{Sugar cane} (Bot.), a tall perennial grass ({Saccharum
officinarium}), with thick short-jointed stems. It has
been cultivated for ages as the principal source of sugar.
{Sugar loaf}.
(a) A loaf or mass of refined sugar, usually in the form
of a truncated cone.
(b) A hat shaped like a sugar loaf.
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Why, do not or know you, grannam, and that sugar
loaf? --J. Webster.
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{Sugar maple} (Bot.), the rock maple ({Acer saccharinum}).
See {Maple}.
{Sugar mill}, a machine for pressing out the juice of the
sugar cane, usually consisting of three or more rollers,
between which the cane is passed.
{Sugar mite}. (Zool.)
(a) A small mite ({Tyroglyphus sacchari}), often found in
great numbers in unrefined sugar.
(b) The lepisma.
{Sugar of lead}. See {Sugar}, 2, above.
{Sugar of milk}. See under {Milk}.
{Sugar orchard}, a collection of maple trees selected and
preserved for purpose of obtaining sugar from them; --
called also, sometimes, {sugar bush}. [U.S.] --Bartlett.
{Sugar pine} (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree ({Pinus
Lambertiana}) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft
and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the
stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a
substitute for sugar.
{Sugar squirrel} (Zool.), an Australian flying phalanger
({Belideus sciureus}), having a long bushy tail and a
large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See
Illust. under {Phlanger}.
{Sugar tongs}, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for
taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl.
{Sugar tree}. (Bot.) See {Sugar maple}, above.
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