Rhus Toxicodendron

Oak \Oak\ ([=o]k), n. [OE. oke, ok, ak, AS. [=a]c; akin to D.
   eik, G. eiche, OHG. eih, Icel. eik, Sw. ek, Dan. eeg.]
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   1. (Bot.) Any tree or shrub of the genus {Quercus}. The oaks
      have alternate leaves, often variously lobed, and
      staminate flowers in catkins. The fruit is a smooth nut,
      called an {acorn}, which is more or less inclosed in a
      scaly involucre called the cup or cupule. There are now
      recognized about three hundred species, of which nearly
      fifty occur in the United States, the rest in Europe,
      Asia, and the other parts of North America, a very few
      barely reaching the northern parts of South America and
      Africa. Many of the oaks form forest trees of grand
      proportions and live many centuries. The wood is usually
      hard and tough, and provided with conspicuous medullary
      rays, forming the silver grain.
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   2. The strong wood or timber of the oak.
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   Note: Among the true oaks in America are:

   {Barren oak}, or

   {Black-jack}, {Quercus nigra}.

   {Basket oak}, {Quercus Michauxii}.

   {Black oak}, {Quercus tinctoria}; -- called also {yellow oak}
      or {quercitron oak}.

   {Bur oak} (see under {Bur}.), {Quercus macrocarpa}; -- called
      also {over-cup} or {mossy-cup oak}.

   {Chestnut oak}, {Quercus Prinus} and {Quercus densiflora}.

   {Chinquapin oak} (see under {Chinquapin}), {Quercus
      prinoides}.

   {Coast live oak}, {Quercus agrifolia}, of California; -- also
      called {enceno}.

   {Live oak} (see under {Live}), {Quercus virens}, the best of
      all for shipbuilding; also, {Quercus Chrysolepis}, of
      California.

   {Pin oak}. Same as {Swamp oak}.

   {Post oak}, {Quercus obtusifolia}.

   {Red oak}, {Quercus rubra}.

   {Scarlet oak}, {Quercus coccinea}.

   {Scrub oak}, {Quercus ilicifolia}, {Quercus undulata}, etc.
      

   {Shingle oak}, {Quercus imbricaria}.

   {Spanish oak}, {Quercus falcata}.

   {Swamp Spanish oak}, or

   {Pin oak}, {Quercus palustris}.

   {Swamp white oak}, {Quercus bicolor}.

   {Water oak}, {Quercus aquatica}.

   {Water white oak}, {Quercus lyrata}.

   {Willow oak}, {Quercus Phellos}.
      [1913 Webster] Among the true oaks in Europe are:

   {Bitter oak}, or

   {Turkey oak}, {Quercus Cerris} (see {Cerris}).

   {Cork oak}, {Quercus Suber}.

   {English white oak}, {Quercus Robur}.

   {Evergreen oak},

   {Holly oak}, or

   {Holm oak}, {Quercus Ilex}.

   {Kermes oak}, {Quercus coccifera}.

   {Nutgall oak}, {Quercus infectoria}.
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   Note: Among plants called oak, but not of the genus
         {Quercus}, are:

   {African oak}, a valuable timber tree ({Oldfieldia
      Africana}).

   {Australian oak} or {She oak}, any tree of the genus
      {Casuarina} (see {Casuarina}).

   {Indian oak}, the teak tree (see {Teak}).

   {Jerusalem oak}. See under {Jerusalem}.

   {New Zealand oak}, a sapindaceous tree ({Alectryon
      excelsum}).

   {Poison oak}, a shrub once not distinguished from poison ivy,
      but now restricted to {Rhus toxicodendron} or {Rhus
      diversiloba}.

   {Silky oak} or {Silk-bark oak}, an Australian tree
      ({Grevillea robusta}).
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   {Green oak}, oak wood colored green by the growth of the
      mycelium of certain fungi.

   {Oak apple}, a large, smooth, round gall produced on the
      leaves of the American red oak by a gallfly ({Cynips
      confluens}). It is green and pulpy when young.

   {Oak beauty} (Zool.), a British geometrid moth ({Biston
      prodromaria}) whose larva feeds on the oak.

   {Oak gall}, a gall found on the oak. See 2d {Gall}.

   {Oak leather} (Bot.), the mycelium of a fungus which forms
      leatherlike patches in the fissures of oak wood.

   {Oak pruner}. (Zool.) See {Pruner}, the insect.

   {Oak spangle}, a kind of gall produced on the oak by the
      insect {Diplolepis lenticularis}.

   {Oak wart}, a wartlike gall on the twigs of an oak.

   {The Oaks}, one of the three great annual English horse races
      (the Derby and St. Leger being the others). It was
      instituted in 1779 by the Earl of Derby, and so called
      from his estate.

   {To sport one's oak}, to be "not at home to visitors,"
      signified by closing the outer (oaken) door of one's
      rooms. [Cant, Eng. Univ.]
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Ivy \I"vy\, n.; pl. {Ivies}. [AS. [imac]fig; akin to OHG. ebawi,
   ebah, G. epheu.] (Bot.)
   A plant of the genus {Hedera} ({Hedera helix}), common in
   Europe. Its leaves are evergreen, dark, smooth, shining, and
   mostly five-pointed; the flowers yellowish and small; the
   berries black or yellow. The stem clings to walls and trees
   by rootlike fibers.
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         Direct
         The clasping ivy where to climb.         --Milton.
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         Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere.   --Milton.
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   {American ivy}. (Bot.) See {Virginia creeper}.

   {English ivy} (Bot.), a popular name in America for the ivy
      proper ({Hedera helix}).

   {German ivy} (Bot.), a creeping plant, with smooth, succulent
      stems, and fleshy, light-green leaves; a species of
      {Senecio} ({Senecio scandens}).

   {Ground ivy}. (Bot.) Gill ({Nepeta Glechoma}).

   {Ivy bush}. (Bot.) See {Mountain laurel}, under {Mountain}.
      

   {Ivy owl} (Zool.), the barn owl.

   {Ivy tod} (Bot.), the ivy plant. --Tennyson.

   {Japanese ivy} (Bot.), a climbing plant ({Ampelopsis
      tricuspidata}), closely related to the Virginia creeper.
      

   {Poison ivy} (Bot.), an American woody creeper ({Rhus
      Toxicodendron}), with trifoliate leaves, and
      greenish-white berries. It is exceedingly poisonous to the
      touch for most persons.

   {To pipe in an ivy leaf}, to console one's self as best one
      can. [Obs.] --Chaucer.

   {West Indian ivy}, a climbing plant of the genus
      {Marcgravia}.
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Poison \Poi"son\, n. [F. poison, in Old French also, a potion,
   fr. L. potio a drink, draught, potion, a poisonous draught,
   fr. potare to drink. See {Potable}, and cf. {Potion}.]
   1. Any agent which, when introduced into the animal organism,
      is capable of producing a morbid, noxious, or deadly
      effect upon it; as, morphine is a deadly poison; the
      poison of pestilential diseases.
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   2. That which taints or destroys moral purity or health; as,
      the poison of evil example; the poison of sin.
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   {Poison ash}. (Bot.)
      (a) A tree of the genus {Amyris} ({Amyris balsamifera})
          found in the West Indies, from the trunk of which a
          black liquor distills, supposed to have poisonous
          qualities.
      (b) The poison sumac ({Rhus venenata}). [U. S.]

   {Poison dogwood} (Bot.), poison sumac.

   {Poison fang} (Zool.), one of the superior maxillary teeth of
      some species of serpents, which, besides having the cavity
      for the pulp, is either perforated or grooved by a
      longitudinal canal, at the lower end of which the duct of
      the poison gland terminates. See Illust. under {Fang}.

   {Poison gland} (Biol.), a gland, in animals or plants, which
      secretes an acrid or venomous matter, that is conveyed
      along an organ capable of inflicting a wound.

   {Poison hemlock} (Bot.), a poisonous umbelliferous plant
      ({Conium maculatum}). See {Hemlock}.

   {Poison ivy} (Bot.), a poisonous climbing plant (formerly
      {Rhus Toxicodendron}, or {Rhus radicans}, now classified
      as {Toxicodendron radicans}) of North America. It is
      common as a climbing vine, especially found on tree
      trunks, or walls, or as a low, spreading vine or as a
      shrub. As a low vine it grows well in lightly shaded
      areas, recognizable by growing in clusters of three
      leaves. Its leaves are trifoliate, rhombic-ovate, and
      variously notched. Its form varies slightly from location
      to location, leading to some speculation that it may
      consist of more than one species. Many people are poisoned
      by it, though some appear resistant to its effects.
      Touching the leaves may leave a residue of an oil on the
      skin, and if not washed off quickly, sensitive areas of
      skin become reddened and develop multiple small blisters,
      lasting for several days to several weeks, and causing a
      persistent itch. The toxic reaction is due to an oil,
      present in all parts of the plant except the pollen,
      called {urushiol}, the active component of which is the
      compound {pentadecylacatechol} (according to [a

      href="http:]/www.jaxmed.com/articles/Diseases/poison_ivy_dermatitis.htm">Charles
      H. Booras). See {Poison sumac}. It is related to {poison
      oak}, and is also called {mercury}.

   {Poison nut}. (Bot.)
      (a) Nux vomica.
      (b) The tree which yields this seed ({Strychnos
          Nuxvomica}). It is found on the Malabar and Coromandel
          coasts.

   {Poison oak} (Bot.), a dermatitis-producing plant often
      lumped together with the poison ivy ({Toxicodendron
      radicans}) in common terminology, but more properly
      distinguished as the more shrubby {Toxicodendron
      quercifolium} (syn. {Toxicodendron diversilobum}), common
      in California and Oregon. Opinion varies as to whether the
      poison oak and poison ivy are only variants of a single
      species. See {poison ivy}, above.

   {Poison sac}. (Zool.) Same as {Poison gland}, above. See
      Illust. under {Fang}.

   {Poison sumac} (Bot.), a poisonous shrub formerly considered
      to be of the genus {Rhus} ({Rhus venenata}), but now
      classified as {Toxicodendron vernix}; -- also called
      {poison ash}, {poison dogwood}, and {poison elder}. It has
      pinnate leaves on graceful and slender common petioles,
      and usually grows in swampy places. Both this plant and
      the poison ivy ({Toxicodendron radicans}, formerly {Rhus
      Toxicodendron}) have clusters of smooth greenish white
      berries, while the red-fruited species of this genus are
      harmless. The tree ({Rhus vernicifera}) which yields the
      celebrated Japan lacquer is almost identical with the
      poison sumac, and is also very poisonous. The juice of the
      poison sumac also forms a lacquer similar to that of
      Japan.
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   Syn: Venom; virus; bane; pest; malignity.

   Usage: {Poison}, {Venom}. Poison usually denotes something
          received into the system by the mouth, breath, etc.
          Venom is something discharged from animals and
          received by means of a wound, as by the bite or sting
          of serpents, scorpions, etc. Hence, venom specifically
          implies some malignity of nature or purpose.
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Mercury \Mer"cu*ry\, n. [L. Mercurius; akin to merx wares.]
   1. (Rom. Myth.) A Latin god of commerce and gain; -- treated
      by the poets as identical with the Greek Hermes, messenger
      of the gods, conductor of souls to the lower world, and
      god of eloquence.
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   2. (Chem.) A metallic element mostly obtained by reduction
      from cinnabar, one of its ores. It is a heavy, opaque,
      glistening liquid (commonly called {quicksilver}), and is
      used in barometers, thermometers, etc. Specific gravity
      13.6. Symbol Hg (Hydrargyrum). Atomic weight 199.8.
      Mercury has a molecule which consists of only one atom. It
      was named by the alchemists after the god Mercury, and
      designated by his symbol, [mercury].
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   Note: Mercury forms alloys, called amalgams, with many
         metals, and is thus used in applying tin foil to the
         backs of mirrors, and in extracting gold and silver
         from their ores. It is poisonous, and is used in
         medicine in the free state as in blue pill, and in its
         compounds as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc. It is
         the only metal which is liquid at ordinary
         temperatures, and it solidifies at about -39[deg]
         Centigrade to a soft, malleable, ductile metal.
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   3. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, being
      the one nearest the sun, from which its mean distance is
      about 36,000,000 miles. Its period is 88 days, and its
      diameter 3,000 miles.
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   4. A carrier of tidings; a newsboy; a messenger; hence, also,
      a newspaper. --Sir J. Stephen. "The monthly Mercuries."
      --Macaulay.
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   5. Sprightly or mercurial quality; spirit; mutability;
      fickleness. [Obs.]
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            He was so full of mercury that he could not fix long
            in any friendship, or to any design.  --Bp. Burnet.
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   6. (Bot.) A plant ({Mercurialis annua}), of the Spurge
      family, the leaves of which are sometimes used for
      spinach, in Europe.
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   Note: The name is also applied, in the United States, to
         certain climbing plants, some of which are poisonous to
         the skin, esp. to the {Rhus Toxicodendron}, or poison
         ivy.
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   {Dog's mercury} (Bot.), {Mercurialis perennis}, a perennial
      plant differing from {Mercurialis annua} by having the
      leaves sessile.

   {English mercury} (Bot.), a kind of goosefoot formerly used
      as a pot herb; -- called {Good King Henry}.

   {Horn mercury} (Min.), a mineral chloride of mercury, having
      a semitranslucent, hornlike appearance.
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