res judicata

res judicata
    n 1: a matter already settled in court; cannot be raised again
         [syn: {res judicata}, {res adjudicata}]
    

Res \Res\ (r?z), n.; pl. {Res}. [L.]
   A thing; the particular thing; a matter; a point.
   [1913 Webster]

   {Res gestae} [L., things done] (Law), the facts which form
      the environment of a litigated issue. --Wharton.

   {Res judicata} [L.] (Law), a thing adjudicated; a matter no
      longer open to controversy.
      [1913 Webster]
    

RES JUDICATA, practice. The decision of a legal or equitable issue, by a 
court of competent jurisdiction. 
     2. It is a general principle that such decision is binding and 
conclusive upon all other courts of concurrent power. This principle 
pervades not only our own, but all other systems of jurisprudence, and has 
become a rule of universal law, founded on the soundest policy. If, 
therefore, Paul sue Peter to recover the amount due to him upon a bond and 
on the trial the plaintiff fails to prove the due execution of the bond by 
Peter, in consequence of which a verdict is rendered for the defendant, and 
judgment is entered thereupon, this judgment, till reversed on error, is 
conclusive upon the parties, and Paul cannot recover in a subsequent suit, 
although he may then be able to prove the due execution of the bond by 
Peter, and that the money is due to him, for, to use the language of the 
civilians, res judicata facit ex albo nigrum, ex nigro album, ex curvo 
redum, ex recto curvum. 
     3. The constitution of the United States and the amendments to it 
declare, that no fact, once tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexaminable 
in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common 
law. 3 Pet. 433; Dig. 44, 2; and Voet, Ibid; Kaime's Equity, vol. 2, p. 367; 
1 Johns. Ch. R. 95; 2 M. R. 142; 3 M. R. 623; 4 M. R. 313, 456, 481; 5 M. R. 
282, 465; 9 M. R. 38; 11 M. R. 607; 6 N. S. 292; 5 N. S. 664; 1 L. R. 318; 8 
L. R. 187; 11 L. R. 517. Toullier, Droit Civil Francais, vol. 10, No. 65 to 
259. 
     4. But in order to make a matter res judicata there must be a 
concurrence of the four conditions following, namely: 1. Identity in the 
thing sued for. 2. Identity of the cause of action; if, for example, I have 
claimed a right of way over Blackacre, and a final judgment has been 
rendered against me, and afterwards I purchase Blackacre, this first 
decision shall not be a bar to my recovery, when I sue as owner of the land, 
and not for an easement over it, which I claimed as a right appurtenant to 
My land Whiteacre. 3. Identity of persons and of parties to the action; this 
rule is a necessary consequence of the rule of natural justice: ne inauditus 
condemnetur. 4. Identity of the quality in the persons for or against whom 
the claim is made; for example, an action by Peter to recover a horse, and a 
final judgment against him, is no bar to an action by Peter, administrator 
of Paul, to recover the same horse. Vide, Things adjudged.