loan for use

LOAN FOR USE, or COMMODATUM, contracts. A bailment, or loan of an article 
for a certain time, to be used by the borrower, without paying for it. 2 
Kent's Com. 446, 447. Sir William Jones defines it to be a bailment of a 
thing for a certain time, to be used by the borrower, without paying for it. 
Jones' Bailm. 118. According to the Louisiana Code, art. 2864, it is an 
agreement by which a person delivers a thing to another, to use it according 
to its natural destination, or according to the agreement, under an 
obligation on the part of the borrower, to return it after he shall have 
done using it. This loan is essentially gratuitous. The Code Civil, art. 
1875, defines it in nearly the same words. Lord Holt has defined this 
bailment to be, when goods or chattels, that are useful, are lent to a 
friend gratis, to be used by him: and it is called commodatum, he adds, 
because the thing is to be restored in specie. 2 Ld. Ray. 909, 913. 
     2. The loan for use resembles somewhat a gift, for the lender, as in a 
gift, gives something to the borrower; but it differs from the latter, 
because there the property of the thing given is transferred to the donee; 
instead of which, in the loan for use, the thing given is only the use, and 
the property in the thing lent remains in the lender. This contract has also 
some analogy to the mutuum, or loan for consumption; but they differ in 
this, that in the loan for use the lender retains the property in the thing 
lent, and it must be returned in individuo; in the loan for consumption, on 
the contrary, the things lent are to be consumed, such as money, corn, oats, 
grain, cider, &c., and the property in them is transferred to the borrower, 
who becomes a debtor to the lender for the same quantity of like articles. 
Poth. Pret a. Usage, n. 9, 10. 
     3. Several things are essential to constitute this contract; first, 
there must be a thing which is lent; and this, according to the civil law, 
may be either a thing movable, as a horse, or an immovable, as a house or 
land, or goods, or even a thing incorporeal. But in our law, the contract 
seems confined entirely to goods and chattels, or personal property, and not 
to extend to real estate. It must be a thing lent, in contradistinction to a 
thing deposited or sold, or entrusted to another for the purpose of the 
owner. Story on Bailm. Sec.  223. 
     4. Secondly. It must be lent gratuitously, for if any compensation is 
to be paid in, any manner whatsoever, it falls under Another denomination, 
that of hire. Ayliffe's Pand. B. 4, tit. 16, n. 516; Louis. Code, art. 2865; 
Pothier, Pret a Usage, c. 1, art. 1, n. 1, c. 2, art., 3, n. 11. 
     5. Thirdly. It must be lent for use, and for the use of the borrower. 
It is not material whether the use be exactly that which is peculiarly 
appropriate to the thing lent, as a loan of a bed to lie on, or a loan of a 
horse to ride; it is equally a loan, if the thing is lent to the borrower 
for any other purpose; as, to pledge as a security on his own account. Story 
on Bailm. Sec. 225. But the rights of the borrower are strictly confined to 
the use actually or impliedly agreed to by the lender, and cannot be 
lawfully exceeded. Poth. Pret a Usage, c. 1, Sec. 1, art. l, n. 5. The use 
may be for a limited time, or for an indefinite time. 
     6. Fourthly. The property must be lent to be specifically returned to 
the lender at the determination of the bailment; and, in this respect it 
differs from a mutuum, or loan for consumption, where the thing borrowed, 
such as corn, wine, and money, is to be returned in kind and quantity. See 
Mutuum. It follows, that a loan for use can never be of a thing which is to 
be consumed by use; as, if wine is lent to be drunk at a feast, even if no 
return in kind is intended, unless, perhaps, so far as it is not drunk; for, 
as to, all the rest, it is strictly a gift. 
     7. In general, it may be said that the borrower has the right to use 
the thing during the time and for the purpose which was intended between the 
parties. But this right is strictly confined to the use, expressed or 
implied in the particular transaction; and the borrower, by any excess, will 
make himself responsible. Jones' Bailm. 68; Cro. Jac. 244; 2 Ld. Raym. 
909,916; 1 Const. Rep. So. Car. 121; Louis. Code: art. 2869; Code Civil, 
art. 1881; 2 Bulst. 306. 
     8. The obligations of the borrower are to take proper care of the thing 
borrowed, to use it according to the intention of the lender, to restore it 
in proper time, and to restore it in proper condition. Story on Bailm. Sec. 
236; Louis. Code, art. 2869; Code Civ. 1880. 
     9. By the common law, this bailment may always be terminated at the 
pleasure of the lender. (q.v.) Vin. Abr. Bailment, D; Bac. Abr. Bailment, 
D. 
    10. The property in the thing lent in a loan for use, remains in the 
lender, Story on Bailment, Sec. 283; Code Civil, art. 1877; Louis. Code, 
art. 2866. 
    11. It is proper to remark that the loan for use must be lawful; a loan 
by Peter to Paul of a ladder to enable him to commit a larceny, or of a gun, 
to commit a murder, is not a loan for use, but Peter by this act becomes an 
accomplice of Paul. 17 Duv. n. 503; 6 Duv. n. 32.