from
CIA World Factbook 2006
Indonesia
Introduction
Background: The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th
century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942
to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after
Japan's surrender, but it required four years of
intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and
UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to
relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest
archipelagic state and home to the world's largest
Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating
poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy
after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing
financial sector reforms, stemming corruption, and
holding the military and police accountable for human
rights violations. Indonesia was the nation worst hit
by the December 2004 tsunami, which particularly
affected Aceh province causing over 100,000 deaths and
over $4 billion in damage. An additional earthquake in
March 2005 created heavy destruction on the island of
Nias. Reconstruction in these areas may take up to a
decade. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace
agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, but it
continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla
movement in Papua.
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean
and the Pacific Ocean
Geographic 5 00 S, 120 00 E
coordinates:
Map Southeast Asia
references:
Area: total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Area - slightly less than three times the size of Texas
comparative:
Land total: 2,830 km
boundaries: border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km,
Papua New Guinea 820 km
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior
mountains
Elevation lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
extremes: highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Natural petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite,
resources: copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005)
Irrigated 45,000 sq km (2003)
land:
Natural occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis,
hazards: earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires
Environment - deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
current sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze
issues: from forest fires
Environment - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
international Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
agreements: Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited);
note: straddles equator; strategic location astride or along
major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 28.8% (male 35,995,919/female 34,749,582)
15-64 years: 65.8% (male 80,796,794/female 80,754,238)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 5,737,473/female
7,418,733) (2006 est.)
Median age: total: 26.8 years
male: 26.4 years
female: 27.3 years (2006 est.)
Population 1.41% (2006 est.)
growth rate:
Birth rate: 20.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate: 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
rate:
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant total: 34.39 deaths/1,000 live births
mortality male: 39.36 deaths/1,000 live births
rate: female: 29.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life total population: 69.87 years
expectancy at male: 67.42 years
birth: female: 72.45 years (2006 est.)
Total 2.4 children born/woman (2006 est.)
fertility
rate:
HIV/AIDS - 0.1% (2003 est.)
adult
prevalence
rate:
HIV/AIDS - 110,000 (2003 est.)
people living
with HIV/AIDS:
HIV/AIDS - 2,400 (2003 est.)
deaths:
Major degree of risk: high
infectious food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal
diseases: diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and
chikungunya are high risks in some locations
note: at present, H5N1 avian influenza poses a minimal
risk; during outbreaks among birds, rare cases could
occur among US citizens who have close contact with
infected birds or poultry (2005)
Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal
Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions: Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken
of which is Javanese
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002 est.)
Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Government republic
type:
Capital: name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 48 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington,
DC during Standard Time)
note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones
Administrative 30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi),
divisions: 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular -
daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district**
(daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu,
Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi,
Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,
Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan
Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau,
Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat,
Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat,
Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara,
Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan,
Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*
note: following the implementation of decentralization
beginning on 1 January 2001, the 440 districts or
regencies have become the key administrative units
responsible for providing most government services
Independence: 17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December
1949 (Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)
National Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
holiday:
Constitution: August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949
and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July
1959; series of amemdments concluded in 2002
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and
election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons
regardless of age
Executive chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
branch: (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad
Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
(since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad
Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were elected
for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by
direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September
2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected
president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri received 39.4%
Legislative House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
branch: (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year
terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan
Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated
role includes providing legislative input to DPR on
issues affecting regions; People's Consultative
Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has
role in inaugurating and impeaching president and in
amending constitution; consists of popularly-elected
members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national
policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar
21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS
7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar
128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45,
others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of seats
won does not always follow the percentage of votes
received by parties
Judicial Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by
branch: the president from a list of candidates approved by the
legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or
Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16
August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed
administrative and financial responsibility for the
lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and
Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme
Court began functioning in January 2006
Political Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza
parties and MAHENDRA]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO];
leaders: Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA];
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi
SHIHAB]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno
BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul
SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Hamzah
HAZ]
Political NA
pressure
groups and
leaders:
International APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15,
organization G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
participation: IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO
Diplomatic chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat
representation chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
in the US: 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
representation embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta
from the US: 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
consulate(s): Medan; Denpasar (consular agency)
Flag two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
description: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also
similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and
red
Economy
Economy - Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to
overview: overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples
with high unemployment, a fragile banking sector,
endemic corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor
investment climate, and unequal resource distribution
among regions. Indonesia became a net oil importer in
2004 because of declining production and lack of new
exploration investment. In late December 2004, the
Indian Ocean tsunami took 131,000 lives with another
37,000 missing, left some 570,000 displaced persons,
and caused an estimated $4.5 billion in damages and
losses. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed
increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined
with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run
on the currency in August 2005, prompting the
government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in
October. The resulting inflation and interest rate
hikes dampened growth prospects in 2006. However, in
October 2006, Jakarta paid off its outstanding IMF
debt, incurred during the 1997-98 Asian financial
crisis, four years ahead of schedule. Keys to future
growth remain internal reform, building up the
confidence of international and domestic investors, and
strong global economic growth.
GDP $869.7 billion (2005 est.)
(purchasing
power parity):
GDP (official $270 billion (2005 est.)
exchange
rate):
GDP - real 5.6% (2005 est.)
growth rate:
GDP - per $3,600 (2005 est.)
capita (PPP):
GDP - agriculture: 13.4%
composition by industry: 45.8%
sector: services: 40.8% (2005 est.)
Labor force: 94.2 million (2005 est.)
Labor force - agriculture: 46.5%
by occupation: industry: 11.8%
services: 41.7% (1999 est.)
Unemployment 11.8% (2005 est.)
rate:
Population 16.7% (2004)
below poverty
line:
Household lowest 10%: 3.6%
income or highest 10%: 28.5% (2002)
consumption by
percentage
share:
Distribution 34.3 (2002)
of family
income - Gini
index:
Inflation rate 10.5% (2005 est.)
(consumer
prices):
Investment 22% of GDP (2005 est.)
(gross fixed):
Budget: revenues: $54.3 billion
expenditures: $57.7 billion; including capital
expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
Public debt: 49.9% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture - rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa,
products: coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear,
mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber,
food, tourism
Industrial 4.8% (2005 est.)
production
growth rate:
Electricity - 120.2 billion kWh (2004)
production:
Electricity - fossil fuel: 86.9%
production by hydro: 10.5%
source: nuclear: 0%
other: 2.6% (2001)
Electricity - 105.4 billion kWh (2004)
consumption:
Electricity - 0 kWh (2004)
exports:
Electricity - 0 kWh (2004)
imports:
Oil - 1.061 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
production:
Oil - 1.084 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
consumption:
Oil - exports: 431,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - imports: 345,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - proved 4.6 billion bbl (2005 est.)
reserves:
Natural gas - 83.4 billion cu m (2005 est.)
production:
Natural gas - 22.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)
consumption:
Natural gas - 37.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)
exports:
Natural gas - 0 cu m (2005 est.)
imports:
Natural gas - 2.557 trillion cu m (2005)
proved
reserves:
Current $2.016 billion (2005 est.)
account
balance:
Exports: $83.64 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports - oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles,
commodities: rubber
Exports - Japan 21.1%, US 11.5%, Singapore 9.2%, South Korea
partners: 8.3%, China 7.8%, Malaysia 4% (2005)
Imports: $62.02 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports - machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
commodities:
Imports - Singapore 16.4%, Japan 12%, China 10.1%, US 6.7%,
partners: Thailand 6%, South Korea 5%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%,
Australia 4.4% (2005)
Reserves of $34.58 billion (2005 est.)
foreign
exchange and
gold:
Debt - $135 billion (2005 est.)
external:
Economic aid - $43 billion
recipient: note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December
2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the
Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged
$2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and again in
2005; nearly $5 billion in aid money pledged by a
variety bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental
organization (NGO) donors following the 2004 tsunami;
money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding
efforts in Aceh (2002)
Currency Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
(code):
Currency code: IDR
Exchange Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,704.7 (2005),
rates: 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002),
10,260.9 (2001)
Fiscal year: calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31
March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to
calendar year
Communications
Telephones - 12.772 million (2005)
main lines in
use:
Telephones - 46.91 million (2005)
mobile
cellular:
Telephone general assessment: domestic service fair,
system: international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio
police net; domestic satellite communications system
international: country code - 62; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific
Ocean)
Radio AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
broadcast
stations:
Radios: 31.5 million (1997)
Television 54 local TV stations
broadcast note: 11 national TV networks; each with their own
stations: group of local, often low power, transmitters (2006)
Televisions: 13.75 million (1997)
Internet .id
country code:
Internet 170,834 (2006)
hosts:
Internet 24 (2000)
Service
Providers
(ISPs):
Internet 16 million (2005)
users:
Transportation
Airports: 662 (2006)
Airports - total: 159
with paved over 3,047 m: 4
runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
1,524 to 2,437 m: 49
914 to 1,523 m: 49
under 914 m: 42 (2006)
Airports - total: 503
with unpaved 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
runways: 914 to 1,523 m: 26
under 914 m: 471 (2006)
Heliports: 23 (2006)
Pipelines: condensate 944 km; condensate/gas 135 km; gas 9,175 km;
oil 7,684 km; oil/gas/water 89 km; refined products
1,367 km (2006)
Railways: total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km
electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2005)
Roadways: total: 368,360 km
paved: 213,649 km
unpaved: 154,711 km (2002)
Waterways: 21,579 km (2005)
Merchant total: 824 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,773,771 GRT/
marine: 4,887,614 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 43, cargo 451, chemical tanker
21, container 50, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 1,
passenger 41, passenger/cargo 58, petroleum tanker 132,
refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 12, specialized
tanker 4, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 30 (France 1, Germany 1, Japan 3, South
Korea 1, Norway 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 17,
Switzerland 3, UK 2)
registered in other countries: 122 (Bahamas 4, Belize
2, Bermuda 1, Cambodia 1, Georgia 1, Hong Kong 4,
Liberia 1, Panama 50, Singapore 56, Thailand 1, unknown
1) (2006)
Ports and Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh,
terminals: Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak,
Tanjung Priok
Military
Military Indonesia Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia,
branches: TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, includes marines,
naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)
note: the TNI is directly subordinate to the president
but the government is making efforts to incorporate it
into the Department of Defense
Military 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service age service; conscript service obligation - two years
and (2002)
obligation:
Manpower males age 18-49: 60,543,028
available for females age 18-49: 59,981,730 (2005 est.)
military
service:
Manpower fit males age 18-49: 48,687,234
for military females age 18-49: 50,252,911 (2005 est.)
service:
Manpower males age 18-49: 2,201,047
reaching females age 18-49: 2,139,573 (2005 est.)
military
service age
annually:
Military $1.3 billion (2004)
expenditures -
dollar figure:
Military 3% (2004)
expenditures -
percent of
GDP:
Transnational
Issues
Disputes - East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to
international: meet, survey, and delimit land boundary, but several
sections of the boundary remain unresolved; many East
Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in
Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia and East
Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a
decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty
between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of
their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain;
ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia
in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich
Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the
Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted
Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a
presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and
Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973
maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved
areas north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists,
squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation
problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem
in the Malacca Strait
Refugees and IDPs: 570,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami)
internally 500,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh;
displaced most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and
persons: Central Sulawesi Provinces); (2005)
Trafficking in current situation: Indonesia is a source, transit, and
persons: destination country for women, children and men
trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and
forced labor; Indonesian victims are trafficked to
Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Japan, South Korea, and Singapore; a significant number
of Indonesian women who go overseas each year to work
as domestic servants or "cultural performers" are
subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude and
commercial sexual exploitation; to a minimal extent,
Indonesia is a destination for women from East Asia,
Europe, and South America who are trafficked for sexual
exploitation; there is extensive trafficking within
Indonesia from rural to urban metropolitan areas
particularly for sexual exploitation and involuntary
domestic servitude
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Indonesia is placed on
the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide
evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy