from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Engineering \En`gi*neer"ing\, n.
Originally, the art of managing engines; in its modern and
extended sense, the art and science by which the properties
of matter are made useful to man, whether in structures,
machines, chemical substances, or living organisms; the
occupation and work of an engineer. In the modern sense, the
application of mathematics or systematic knowledge beyond the
routine skills of practise, for the design of any complex
system which performs useful functions, may be considered as
engineering, including such abstract tasks as designing
software ({software engineering}).
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Note: In a comprehensive sense, engineering includes
architecture as a mechanical art, in distinction from
architecture as a fine art. It was formerly divided
into military engineering, which is the art of
designing and constructing offensive and defensive
works, and civil engineering, in a broad sense, as
relating to other kinds of public works, machinery,
etc.
{Civil engineering}, in modern usage, is strictly the art of
planning, laying out, and constructing fixed public works,
such as railroads, highways, canals, aqueducts, water
works, bridges, lighthouses, docks, embankments,
breakwaters, dams, tunnels, etc.
{Mechanical engineering} relates to machinery, such as steam
engines, machine tools, mill work, etc.
{Mining engineering} deals with the excavation and working of
mines, and the extraction of metals from their ores, etc.
Engineering is further divided into steam engineering, gas
engineering, agricultural engineering, topographical
engineering, electrical engineering, etc.
[1913 Webster]
from
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48
Civil \Civ"il\, a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil.
See {City}.]
1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his
relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within
the city or state.
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2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not
barbarous; -- said of the community.
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England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but
even the other day since England grew civil.
--Spenser.
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3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to
government; -- said of an individual.
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Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others;
they come within a step or two of heaven. --Preston
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4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed
to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous;
complaisant; affable.
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Note: "A civil man now is one observant of slight external
courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and
man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the
duties and obligations flowing from his position as a
'civis' and his relations to the other members of that
'civitas.'" --Trench
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5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from
military, ecclesiastical, or official state.
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6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit
distinct from criminal proceedings.
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{Civil action}, an action to enforce the rights or redress
the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal
proceeding.
{Civil architecture}, the architecture which is employed in
constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in
distinction from military and naval architecture, as
private houses, palaces, churches, etc.
{Civil death}. (Law.) See under {Death}.
{Civil engineering}. See under {Engineering}.
{Civil law}. See under {Law}.
{Civil list}. See under {List}.
{Civil remedy} (Law), that given to a person injured, by
action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution.
{Civil service}, all service rendered to and paid for by the
state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or
military affairs.
{Civil service reform}, the substitution of business
principles and methods for the spoils system in the
conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of
appointments to office.
{Civil state}, the whole body of the laity or citizens not
included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical
states.
{Civil suit}. Same as {Civil action}.
{Civil war}. See under {War}.
{Civil year}. See under {Year}.
[1913 Webster]