alan m. turing

Alan Turing
Alan M. Turing

   <person> Alan M. Turing, 1912-06-22/3? - 1954-06-07.  A
   British mathematician, inventor of the {Turing Machine}.
   Turing also proposed the {Turing test}.  Turing's work was
   fundamental in the theoretical foundations of computer
   science.

   Turing was a student and fellow of {King's College Cambridge}
   and was a graduate student at {Princeton University} from 1936
   to 1938.  While at Princeton Turing published "On Computable
   Numbers", a paper in which he conceived an {abstract machine},
   now called a {Turing Machine}.

   Turing returned to England in 1938 and during World War II, he
   worked in the British Foreign Office.  He masterminded
   operations at {Bletchley Park}, UK which were highly
   successful in cracking the Nazis "Enigma" codes during World
   War II.  Some of his early advances in computer design were
   inspired by the need to perform many repetitive symbolic
   manipulations quickly.  Before the building of the {Colossus}
   computer this work was done by a roomful of women.

   In 1945 he joined the {National Physical Laboratory} in London
   and worked on the design and construction of a large computer,
   named {Automatic Computing Engine} (ACE).  In 1949 Turing
   became deputy director of the Computing Laboratory at
   Manchester where the {Manchester Automatic Digital Machine},
   the worlds largest memory computer, was being built.

   He also worked on theories of {artificial intelligence}, and
   on the application of mathematical theory to biological forms.
   In 1952 he published the first part of his theoretical study
   of morphogenesis, the development of pattern and form in
   living organisms.

   Turing was gay, and died rather young under mysterious
   circumstances.  He was arrested for violation of British
   homosexuality statutes in 1952.  He died of potassium cyanide
   poisoning while conducting electrolysis experiments.  An
   inquest concluded that it was self-administered but it is now
   thought by some to have been an accident.

   There is an excellent biography of Turing by Andrew Hodges,
   subtitled "The Enigma of Intelligence" and a play based on it
   called "Breaking the Code".  There was also a popular summary
   of his work in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Gödel, Escher,
   Bach".

   (http://AlanTuring.net/).

   (2001-10-09)